Free Essays on Rawls

John Rawls, professor of philosophy at Harvard, published a paper in the Philosophical Review for 1958 called 'Justice as Fairness', followed up by various other papers, and in 1971 a large book A Theory of Justice. Rawls disagrees with the Utilitarians over their way of spelling out the idea of the happiness of mankind generally. They say: Consider whether the act, rule or institution to be evaluated is best for the happiness of mankind generally. The difficulty is that often it will be both to the advantage of some people and to the disadvantage of others. The effect on the happiness of mankind generally has to be assessed by somehow balancing off the bad effects on some people against the good effects on others. There is no way of avoiding this. Some of the practical questions we have to decide do involve choice between possible courses of action all of which have good effects on some people and bad effects on others. If a political or ethical theory can't give us any guidance on deciding questions like that then it is almost useless. Questions of distributive justice especially call for decisions between conflicting interests - if some get more others get less. So the effect on the happiness of mankind generally will be the resultant of good effects on some, bad effects on others. Rawls's objection to Utilitarianism is that it puts no restrictions upon the subordination of some people's interests to those of others, except that the net outcome should be good. This would allow, any degree of subordination, provided the benefit to those advantaged was great enough. Rawls thinks that a theory of justice cannot let disadvantages to some be justified by advantages to others. Let us imagine we are talking about a household. On a particular occasion the interest of a minority may be subordinated to that of a majority - they will watch the TV program most them want. But if the same people are outvoted every time their household will s... Free Essays on Rawls Free Essays on Rawls John Rawls, professor of philosophy at Harvard, published a paper in the Philosophical Review for 1958 called 'Justice as Fairness', followed up by various other papers, and in 1971 a large book A Theory of Justice. Rawls disagrees with the Utilitarians over their way of spelling out the idea of the happiness of mankind generally. They say: Consider whether the act, rule or institution to be evaluated is best for the happiness of mankind generally. The difficulty is that often it will be both to the advantage of some people and to the disadvantage of others. The effect on the happiness of mankind generally has to be assessed by somehow balancing off the bad effects on some people against the good effects on others. There is no way of avoiding this. Some of the practical questions we have to decide do involve choice between possible courses of action all of which have good effects on some people and bad effects on others. If a political or ethical theory can't give us any guidance on deciding questions like that then it is almost useless. Questions of distributive justice especially call for decisions between conflicting interests - if some get more others get less. So the effect on the happiness of mankind generally will be the resultant of good effects on some, bad effects on others. Rawls's objection to Utilitarianism is that it puts no restrictions upon the subordination of some people's interests to those of others, except that the net outcome should be good. This would allow, any degree of subordination, provided the benefit to those advantaged was great enough. Rawls thinks that a theory of justice cannot let disadvantages to some be justified by advantages to others. Let us imagine we are talking about a household. On a particular occasion the interest of a minority may be subordinated to that of a majority - they will watch the TV program most them want. But if the same people are outvoted every time their household will s...

Three Concepts of Psychodynamic

Three Concepts of Psychodynamic Free Online Research Papers An Analysis of Three Concepts of Psychodynamic, Adlerian and Jungian Psychological Perspectives Weston (1998), states that one of the postulates fundamental to contemporary psychodynamic theory is that a large amount of mental existence, involving thoughts, emotions, and motivation, are unconscious. As a result, people are capable of acting in fashions or acquiring symptoms that are incomprehensible to them (Weston, 1998; Erdelyi, 2001). Weston asserts that research not only corroborates the theory that emotional and motivational processes are unconscious and that they are in fact unconscious’ attempts to manage uncertain emotional events; but also gives credence to Freud’s theory of a dynamically unconscious process, which more explicitly, suggests that there is a purpose for keeping some issues unconscious. Similar to defence mechanism (Erdelyi, 2001), through the avoidance of a painful stimulus because of negative reinforcement, people may learn to evade concentrating on specific cognitive or affective processes since it is linked to disgrace, culpability, or u nhappiness (Weston, 1998). Luborsky, O ’Reilly-Landry Arlow (2008), spoke of explicit memory, which suggests the deliberate recovery of information, while implicit memory suggests that memory does not occur by way of the mind, but is instead, is exhibited by way of ones’ behaviour. Implicit memory is also associated with transference patterns exhibited via the behaviour in new relationships. Associative memory makes connections to things through their resemblance. This process is similar to Freud’s dynamic inquiry, with regard to unconscious meanings, for instance, when a counsellor pursues a line of thinking by its illogical, emotional associations. The technique of free association is a prime example of the use of the unconscious in psychodynamic counselling. Customarily when a client exhibits manners of avoidance a psychodynamic counsellor will probably investigate particular examples and track the path of associations, until patterns start to appear which might offer insight into the cognitive-affective associations fundamental to the avoidance. Since these connections are not obtainable through introspection, the sole manner to plot them would be to observe what ideas, emotions, recollections, images etc. surface, after the client calms their consciousness and essentially states what ever comes into their heads’ (Weston, 1998). Early Recollections as Part of a Lifestyle Assessment Examinations of family constellation, the responsibilities of life and early recollections are likely to generate life stories that when combined, bear patterns of how one lives and copes (Bitter Nicoll, 2000). Bettner Lew (1993) used these examinations in Connexions Focusing Technique in couple counselling, which allowed the counsellor to rapidly distinguish both partner’s life-styles and to explain this information to the their clients. Early recollections transpire in the time prior to uninterrupted memory and is possibly inexact or a total falsehood. It symbolizes a solitary occurrence instead of a cluster of occurrences (Mosak Maniacci, 2008). Taking note of the client’s understanding of their position they hold within the family, assist the counsellor to grasping the client’s overall perception of their position in the world. Paying attention to the person’s encounters with life’s stress, aids the counsellor in uncovering the client’s strong points, perceived failing, and coping manners (Sweeney, Myers, Stephan, 2006). Listening to early recollections may disclose the client’s beliefs about themselves, other people, existence, the universe, as well as their principles; they may also divulge the client’s attitude with regard to the counselling session, the counselling relationship and their obstructing thoughts, which undoubtedly will influence the subject matter and anxieties that are conveyed in the counselling session (Bitter Nicoll, 2000). In Life-Style assessments, the client’s family is examined, followed by the interpretation the patient’s early recollections. Recollections are dealt with as a projective modus operandi. In comprehending early recollections, we are able to comprehend the client’s life story, since people chose to recollect events that are agreeable with their life-styles (Mosak Maniacci, 2008). The summarization of early recollections for life style assessments demonstrates the origins of the client’s â€Å"basic mistakes†. Ones’ way of life may be regarded as an individuals’ fundamental myths, that they accept as true. People will conduct themselves as if the myths were factual since, for them, they are. Consequently, there are â€Å"truths† and â€Å"partial truths† in myths, and there are myths we confuse as truth. Lastly, for the assessment, the counsellor is curious about how the client perceives’ their own positive features (Mosak Maniacci, 2008). Jungs Theory of Psychological Types Used in Counselling Analytical psychology differentiates a number of psychological types. They address inherent distinctions in disposition; the reason why people sense and respond to the world in different ways. Therapy, undoubtedly, is affected by one’s â€Å"personal equation†, this can be categorized using Jungian typology, the benefits being able to think back to dynamics of type which can be ascertained in the connection with the client. Additionally, with regard to this relationship, the counsellor may reflect on what is often highlighted in analytical listening, such as, imagery, verbal communication, physical experience, etc. (Dehing, 1992). Counsellors frequently give types assessments for those in couple or family counselling. By way of its’ reading, people may comprehend that some of their difficulties may have to do with their differences in type. Differences can be acknowledged and dealt with, with less difficulties when understand as conflicts in type, and the understanding of other peoples specific combination of attitude and function types (introversion and extraversion, thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition) which may result in enhanced communication with others (Douglas, 2008). Downey (1924) points out that speed of movement and speed of decision are consequences of typology. Your personality can affect your decision making process. Decision making principles offer guidance for making effective decisions by utilizing shared set of assumptions that allow us to comprehend or predict behaviour (Downey, 1924). A modified form of cognitive styles can be assessed through the use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The fundamental premise for the MBTI is that people have preferences for doing one thing over another. Additionally, what people do and how they choose to do it demonstrates the exercising of their true preference (Douglas, 2008; Bradway, 1964). References Bettner, B. L. Lew, A. (1993). The connexions focusing technique for couple therapy: A model for understanding life-style and complementarity in couples. The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research Practice, 49, 3/4, 372-391. Bitter, J. R., Nicoll, W. G. (2000). Adlerian brief therapy with individuals: Process and practice. Journal of Individual Psychology, 56, 31-44. Bradway, K. (1964). Jung’s psychological types. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 9, 2, 129- 135. Dehing, Jef (1992), The therapist’s interventions in Jungian analysis. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 37, 1, 29-47. Douglas, C. (2008). Analytical psychotherapy. In R.J. Corsini D. Wedding (Eds.). Current psychotherapies (8th ed., pp.107-140). Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Downey, J. E. (1924). Jungs Psychological Types and Will-Temperament Patterns. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 18,4, 345-349. Erdelyi, M. H. (2001). Defense processes can be conscious or unconscious. American Psychologist, 56, 9, 761-762. Luborsky, E., O’Reilly-Landry M., ArlowJ. A. (2008). Psychoanalysis. In R. Corsini, D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies. (8th ed., pp.15-62). Belmont, CA: The Thomson Corporation. Mosak, H.H., Maniacci, M. (2008). Adlerian psychotherapy. In R.J. Corsini D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies (8th ed., pp.63-106). Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Russell-Chapin, L.A. Rybak, C.J. (1996). The art of teaching Jungian analysis. Journal of Humanistic Education Development, 34,4, 171-182. Sweeney, T. J., Myers, J. E., Stephan, J. B. (2006). Integrating Developmental Counseling and Therapy Assessment with Adlerian Early Recollections. Journal of Individual Psychology, 62, 3, 251-269. Westen, D. (1998). The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3, 333-37. Research Papers on Three Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Complex Nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Complex Nursing - Case Study Example ARDS is the primary diagnosis bringing with it many long term and short term problems that will are assessed throughout the paper. Nursing assessment begins with heart and lung status including the review of best in practice studies recently done to support decisions made, as well as determinations of care. This status includes the discussion of "copious green sputum" which has developed in this client and the most recent evidence based practice from research. Colon resection is discussed in its own right but also as part of the possible cause of ARDS. There are assessment skills discussed related to this surgery and the possible outcomes including ARDS. Nursing skills related to this assessment are discussed. There are also discussions related to the neurological and sedated state of the client and what is included in that assessment as well as nursing plan for care. This client has skin integrity issues both related to the ARDS and to the fact that the patient is sedated and on a ventilator. There are very specific assessments discussed here as well as research of evidence based practice that is included to support this assessment and plan. Medications and the assessment as well as practice needed as an integrated part of care is included in this discussion and last but not least, the psychosocial impact for this client is enormous. This client has a young family and a business that he must run. Mortality rates for ARDS related to colon resection are quite heavy. This is discussed as part of the nursing assessment in the sense of both short and long term impact. ICU Case Review In all cases the ICU nurse must begin the shift with a complete assessment of what the status of the client is. The history of the last twenty four hours is presented in the transfer report from one nurse to the other. A full physical assessment is then done on the client from head to toe. In this case the assessment begins with the chest and lungs assuring appropriate ventilation and cardiac status for this patient. This assessment continues by assessing output affected by both cardiac and pulmonary status as well as abdomen with the consideration that this client is a recent surgical client with a colon resection. Medications that the patient is receiving are assessed as well as the resultant sedation from at least one of those. Skin integrity is an important issue for this patient based on his ARDS diagnosis as well as ventilatory and sedation status. There are then ethical and psychosocial considerations for this client. All of these assessments will be discussed in this paper i n combination with studies and evidence based practice research found to support them. The resultant nursing plan for the day will then be presented. At 0700 this client is ventilated at SIMV 8, Tidal Volume 1000, and pressure support 10 cm.H2O. A 500ml bolus of Normal Saline has just been administered. Last vital signs recorded